The kingdom of mwene mutapa was the aftermath of the decline of great zimbabwe in 1420. The decline of great zimbabwe led to the rise of the mutapa state. This kingdom was founded in 1425, succeeding the kingdom of the great zimbabwe. Great zimbabwe civilizationthe state of great zimbabwe which had its centre in masvingo. Gatsi rusere munhumutapa 15891623 picture is part of the national stamp collection issued by the zimbabwe post office in conjunction with the zimbabwe national archives in 1985 to honor the 50th anniversary of the national archives. Contentssocial of mutapa stateeconomic activities of the mutapa stateaims of the portuguese in the mutapa statethe rise of mutapa state afternoon once again some more on zimbabwe. Are almost all that remains of the zimbabwe state and its successors. According to oral traditions, nyatsimba mutota migrated from. The mutapa empire information sheet essay example graduateway. What are factors that led to the downfall of mutapa state. The kingdom that built the complex is said to have given rise to the famous mutapa empire. The empire was probably established by changamire dombo i 168495, who conquered some of the most fertile and mineralrich areas and drove the portuguese from their marketplaces in the zambezi river valley in the 1690s. The kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. Mutapa is thought to be established around 1430, and was eventually taken over by the portuguese in 1760.
Some of the reasons which led to the rise of mutapa state are. Ancjined to suggest a very powerful nuclear mutapa state, noted. The mutapa empire the people of mutapa were a shona group related to the people of great zimbabwe. About 1450 ad, the rozwi groups gained dominance and established a centralized political system. Mutapa empire 1430 to 1760 was an empire, in present day zimbabwe, extending to the mozambique coast. In the second half of the 15th century great zimbabwe came to an abrupt end. Classical rome had a painful transition from city state to empire, increasingly an emp. Although not high on a global scale, zimbabwes growth rate during the eighties was higher than that. On account of the above points it can be rather said the portuguese ignited the fall of the mutapa state rather than just simply saying they only sounded a death knell. The kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of. There is a distinct limit to how far a city state can go. Factors that led to the rise of great zimbabwe availability of granite rocks. Matope, son of mutota completed the conquest and expansion started by his father. Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the title held by the dynasty of kings who ruled the territory, which was between the zambezi and limpopo rivers.
This was the only excuse the portuguese needed to take over the gold mines and ivory routes. They also lie 300 miles south of the zambezi river and 250 miles west of the indian ocean. The mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. As powerful as it was, the mutapa empire would not last. Monomotapa was a bakalanga kingdom which was centered in the zambezi valley in what are the modern states of northern zimbabwe, north western mozambique and south eastern zambia. After dombos death, his successor adopted the title mambo. Asante were one of the last great kingdoms to fall to the europeans in the late 19th century. Pdf o level study guide for zimbabwean history upto 1897 trust. Availability of hunting grounds in the mutapa state. The founder and first mutapa king was nyatsimba mutota. The mutapa state ends around 1695 with the rise of the rise to power of the rozvi state. What factors led to the rise and fall of munhu mutapa state.
The emergence of states such as the torwa and mutapa to the south and north of great zimbabwe probably contributed a great deal to the collapse of the latter. This kingdom was founded by a royal member from its successor. The most powerful local player was the mutapa state, while the mercantilismfuelled portuguese were. Just the same they rose, flourished economically and took advantage of their resources to help their people rise, and fell. Mwenemutapa has a few different translations on of them being lord of the plundered lands, and another being prince of the conquered land both meaning ruler of land.
Reasons for the rise of the mutapa state free zimsec. Mwene we mutapa or more commonly and modern munhumutapa. For 400 years before the onset of british colonisation, northern zimbabwe witnessed increased interaction between the locals and several europeans. In as far as religion is an important component of ideology, this suggestion is plausible. Mutapa state underwent decline from the latesixteenth century. The kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. In this video manners msongelwa explains the causes of the decline of great zimbabwe. Mutapa state in the fifteenth century, the following feature has been recorded. The empire was comprised of a karanga majority speaking population.
Chinese blue and white porcelain and indian beads have been found in these excavation sites, revealing that mutapa participated in the transindian ocean trade that helped give great zimbabwe its power. Huffman skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Rozvi state pdf the history of the rozvi has been for a long time shrouded by myth. By the time the portuguese arrived on the coast of mozambique, the mutapa kingdom was the premier shona state in the region. The archaeological identity of the mutapa state download the archaeological identity of the mutapa state ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub, and mobi format. And while it can conquer its neighbours, it cannot absorb them without changing its nature. Under political factors the fall can also be attributed to internal.
What caused the fall of the citystate and the rise of the. Mwene mutapa state monomotapa, munhumutapa, mutapa for short. Factors that led to the rise and growth of the asante empire. Portuguese sources refer to mutapa royal capitals as zimbabwe. The rise and fall of zimbabwe article pdf available in the journal of african history 3. The ruling class of the mutapa people had similar culture and customs as those of the great zimbabwe. The mwenemutapa also levied a duty of 50 percent on all trade goods imported. Approximately i 50 ruins are similar to zimbabwe in.
The era of portuguese supremacy was brought to an abrupt end in the 1690s by the rise of. Mutapa used the portuguese to their advantage since they had made themselves a part of the kingdom by. The emperor was the head of the state and government. In the 16th century, a european people known as the portuguese would. The kingdom of mutapa s main source of income was the selling and trading of gold internationally via export through the swahili town of sofala and later portuguese ports. The scarcity of resources such as salt, pastures at great zimbabwe, it is believed that the dande had a vast of salt deposits that enabled mutota to establish the state as salt was important in their diet. The most powerful local player was the mutapa state, while the. The location of the gold mines were kept secret punishable by death. The fall of the western roman empire the western part of the empire was. However, the mutapas were not wholly ejected from zimbabwe highlands. Changamire dombo, according to oral tradition, is believed to have possessed supernatural powers. Therefore, it is highly probable that the great zimbabwe people moved. However it was the mutapa state which invited the portuguese e. The rozwi empire 16841889, revived 2019 was established on the zimbabwean plateau by changamire dombo.
Beach argued that, gold production was certainly linked to the rise of the state and several centuries later it was the decline in gold mining which led to the collapse of the whole zimbabwekhami building culture. Ecological factors factors to do with the environmentnatural surroundings if ecological factors were on the forefront in the rise of great zimbabwe state, it is no surprise that they played the same role in its decline. Chapter 2 historical background to the rhodesian novel before and after 1890 the history of zimbabwe shows that land was at the centre of the. The kingdom of monomotapa mutapa empire wilsondiop. The rise of militaristic and ambitious leaders such as mutota. Its successor in the southwest was torwa, with its centre at khami. Mutapa state origins around 1425, mutota, king of the shona, embarked on conquest of the inland plateau, the region located between the zambezi river and the limpopo river, to the coast of mozambique. The prazo system this led to family separation due to forced labour by the portuguese. Great zimbabwe was fully occupied for only about 300 years and the rise of the neighboring states of torwa and mutapa coincides with the decline of great zimbabwe.
Jun 30, 20 the mutapas control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. According to oral traditions, nyatsimba mutota migrated from the declining of great zimbabwe and began his conquest of the northern part areas. May 04, 2012 the mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. Mar 20, 2019 the shona thus formed a new state, the kingdom of mutapa, from around 1450 ce, although it may well have been a case of the zimbabwe ruling elite changing capital rather than a general population movement from the south. Kingdom of mutapa great discoveries in archaeology. The inability of great zimbabwe to control other lineages. The term rozvi refers to their legacy as a warrior nation known as the plunderers. Social, economic and political organization of african. Mutapas government the portuguese people who arrived in the east african coast in the 1500s thought mwenemutapa was a title of respect for the ruler. The mutapa state is in spite of civil wars and succession rivalries it continued to exist into the 19th century and remained independent of the portuguese. The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19 th century. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was originally a herdsmen in the mutapa state, yet managed to drive away the portuguese, earning himself support and followers, thereby enabling him to break away from the legendary mutapa empire. Mar 16, 2011 a political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20. According to oral tradition chibatamatosi nyatsimba mutotas father sent nyakatondo the messenger to the area north of great zimbabwe to look for salt deposits.
The origin and rise of the mutapa state free zimsec. The ruins are located 1,100 metres above sea level looking down on the shashelimpopa river basin on the harare plateau. Many sources see the rozvi not as a recovering segment of the mutapa people, but in fact a people in its own right emerging under the wing of the mutapa compare the rise of the khumalo from under the zulu nation. Account for the rise of the mutapa state from 1200 ad and its economic. Spoken tradition explains that the origins of the mutapa empire had officially developed in the beginning of the 15th century, when warrior prince, nyatsimba mutota sent to find new sources of salt in the north. They established the mwene mutapa empire which ruled until the time of the ngoni invasion in the 1830s. The zimbabwe government made it clear that the state was to play a central role in the countrys economic and social development undp discussion document 2008. The picture is from portuguese historical collection. Mwene mutapa state monomotapa, munhumutapa, mutapa. Also prior to the eventual fall of great zimbabwe, the mutapa state was. The mutapa s control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. The administrative power of the mutapa began to fall to control the whole empire, and tributaries began to exert more independence. Most historians agree that the mutapa state was an offshoot of the great zimbabwe state.
These courts, although imprecisely located, are described as big, and of stone and clay. For this, in its turn, we need to consider the great zimbabwe stone complex near masvingo in presentday zimbabwe erected about 12500 beach 1994a. Download pdf the archaeological identity of the mutapa. Pdf the stratigraphy on the acropolis indicates that a social transition from period ii to iii probably occurred at zimbabwe and was not the. Rise and expansion of the mutapa state essays antiessays. The mutapa empire, like great zimbabwe, got much of its wealth and power by controlling the gold trade. By the 1590s, mutapa had been through many civil wars, leaving the government fragile and weak.
Click download or read online button to the archaeological identity of the mutapa state book pdf for free now. Nov 2008 the rise and ultimate expansion of the mutapa state owed in part to the decline of great zimbabwe. It has been suggested by some including the archaeologist peter garlake that religion was also significant to the rise and expansion of the mutapa state. The demise of great zimbabwe left the mutapa state dominant in northern. The kingdom of mutapa sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire, mwenemutapa, shona. The rise and fall of zimbabwe 355 century porcelain anyway. Great zimbabwe the ancient ruins of great zimbabwe are to be found 150 miles from the present day capital city of zimbabwe, harare. Both food and cash crops like kola nuts were cultivated. Chapter 7 barue history until 1918 general information.